了解__get__和__set__以及Python描述符

#1 楼

temp=Temperature()
temp.celsius #calls celsius.__get__

#2 楼

class Celsius:

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return 5 * (instance.fahrenheit - 32) / 9

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        instance.fahrenheit = 32 + 9 * value / 5


class Temperature:

    celsius = Celsius()

    def __init__(self, initial_f):
        self.fahrenheit = initial_f


t = Temperature(212)
print(t.celsius)
t.celsius = 0
print(t.fahrenheit)

100.0
32.0

#3 楼

def has_descriptor_attrs(obj):
    return set(['__get__', '__set__', '__delete__']).intersection(dir(obj))

def is_descriptor(obj):
    """obj can be instance of descriptor or the descriptor class"""
    return bool(has_descriptor_attrs(obj))

def has_data_descriptor_attrs(obj):
    return set(['__set__', '__delete__']) & set(dir(obj))

def is_data_descriptor(obj):
    return bool(has_data_descriptor_attrs(obj))

>>> is_descriptor(classmethod), is_data_descriptor(classmethod)
(True, False)
>>> is_descriptor(staticmethod), is_data_descriptor(staticmethod)
(True, False)

>>> has_descriptor_attrs(classmethod), has_descriptor_attrs(staticmethod)
(set(['__get__']), set(['__get__']))

>>> def foo(): pass
... 
>>> is_descriptor(foo), is_data_descriptor(foo)
(True, False)

>>> is_data_descriptor(property)
True
>>> has_descriptor_attrs(property)
set(['__set__', '__get__', '__delete__'])

obj_instance.attribute

class Celsius(object):
    def __init__(self, value=0.0):
        self.value = float(value)
    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return self.value
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        self.value = float(value)

class Temperature(object):
    celsius = Celsius()

>>> t1 = Temperature()
>>> del t1.celsius
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: __delete__

class Temperature(object):
    celsius = 0.0

class Temperature(object):
    _celsius = 0.0
    @property
    def celsius(self):
        return type(self)._celsius
    @celsius.setter
    def celsius(self, value):
        type(self)._celsius = float(value)

>>> t1 = Temperature()
>>> t1.celsius
0.0
>>> t1.celsius = 1
>>> 
>>> t1.celsius
1.0
>>> t2 = Temperature()
>>> t2.celsius
1.0

>>> del t2.celsius
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: __delete__

>>> t1.celsius = '0x02'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 7, in __set__
ValueError: invalid literal for float(): 0x02

class Temperature(object):
    _celsius = 0.0
    @property
    def celsius(self):
        return type(self)._celsius
    @celsius.setter
    def celsius(self, value):
        type(self)._celsius = float(value)

>>> t1 = Temperature()
>>> t2 = Temperature()
>>> t1.celsius
0.0
>>> t1.celsius = 1.0
>>> t2.celsius
1.0
>>> del t1.celsius
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: can't delete attribute
>>> t1.celsius = '0x02'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 8, in celsius
ValueError: invalid literal for float(): 0x02

#4 楼

def test_function(self):
    return self

class TestClass(object):
    def test_method(self):
        ...

>>> instance = TestClass()
>>> instance.test_method
<bound method TestClass.test_method of <__main__.TestClass object at ...>>

>>> test_function.__get__(instance, TestClass)
<bound method test_function of <__main__.TestClass object at ...>>

>>> test_function.__get__(instance, TestClass)()
<__main__.TestClass at ...>

class Property(object):
    def __init__(self, fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None):
        self.fget = fget
        self.fset = fset
        self.fdel = fdel
        if doc is None and fget is not None:
            doc = fget.__doc__
        self.__doc__ = doc

    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        if obj is None:
            return self
        if self.fget is None:
            raise AttributeError("unreadable attribute")
        return self.fget(obj)

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        if self.fset is None:
            raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
        self.fset(obj, value)

    def __delete__(self, obj):
        if self.fdel is None:
            raise AttributeError("can't delete attribute")
        self.fdel(obj)

class TypedProperty(object):
    __slots__ = ('_name', '_type')
    def __init__(self, typ):
        self._type = typ

    def __get__(self, instance, klass=None):
        if instance is None:
            return self
        return instance.__dict__[self._name]

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not isinstance(value, self._type):
            raise TypeError(f"Expected class {self._type}, got {type(value)}")
        instance.__dict__[self._name] = value

    def __delete__(self, instance):
        del instance.__dict__[self._name]

    def __set_name__(self, klass, name):
        self._name = name

class Test(object):
    int_prop = TypedProperty(int)

>>> t = Test()
>>> t.int_prop = 10
>>> t.int_prop
10

>>> t.int_prop = 20.0
TypeError: Expected class <class 'int'>, got <class 'float'>

class LazyProperty(object):
    __slots__ = ('_fget', '_name')
    def __init__(self, fget):
        self._fget = fget

    def __get__(self, instance, klass=None):
        if instance is None:
            return self
        try:
            return instance.__dict__[self._name]
        except KeyError:
            value = self._fget(instance)
            instance.__dict__[self._name] = value
            return value

    def __set_name__(self, klass, name):
        self._name = name

class Test(object):
    @LazyProperty
    def lazy(self):
        print('calculating')
        return 10

>>> t = Test()
>>> t.lazy
calculating
10
>>> t.lazy
10

>>> t1 = Temperature()
>>> t2 = Temperature()

>>> t1.celsius = 20   # setting it on one instance
>>> t2.celsius        # looking it up on another instance
20.0

>>> Temperature.celsius  # looking it up on the class
20.0

#5 楼

class LineItem:
     price = 10.9
     weight = 2.1
     def __init__(self, name, price, weight):
          self.name = name
          self.price = price
          self.weight = weight

item = LineItem("apple", 2.9, 2.1)
item.price = -0.9  # it's price is negative, you need to refund to your customer even you delivered the apple :(
item.weight = -0.8 # negative weight, it doesn't make sense

class Quantity(object):
    __index = 0

    def __init__(self):
        self.__index = self.__class__.__index
        self._storage_name = "quantity#{}".format(self.__index)
        self.__class__.__index += 1

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if value > 0:
            setattr(instance, self._storage_name, value)
        else:
           raise ValueError('value should >0')

   def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return getattr(instance, self._storage_name)

class LineItem(object):
     weight = Quantity()
     price = Quantity()

     def __init__(self, name, weight, price):
         self.name = name
         self.weight = weight
         self.price = price

#6 楼

#!/usr/bin/env python
class Celsius:
    def __get__(self, instance, owner): return 9 * (instance.fahrenheit + 32) / 5.0
    def __set__(self, instance, value): instance.fahrenheit = 32 + 5 * value / 9.0

class Temperature:
    def __init__(self, initial_f): self.fahrenheit = initial_f
    celsius = Celsius()

if __name__ == "__main__":

    t = Temperature(212)
    print(t.celsius)
    t.celsius = 0
    print(t.fahrenheit)

C:\Users\gkuhn\Desktop>python test2.py
<__main__.Celsius instance at 0x02E95A80>
212

#7 楼

 class Property(object):
    "Emulate PyProperty_Type() in Objects/descrobject.c"

    def __init__(self, fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None):
        self.fget = fget
        self.fset = fset
        self.fdel = fdel
        if doc is None and fget is not None:
            doc = fget.__doc__
        self.__doc__ = doc

    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
        if obj is None:
            return self
        if self.fget is None:
            raise AttributeError("unreadable attribute")
        return self.fget(obj)

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        if self.fset is None:
            raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
        self.fset(obj, value)

    def __delete__(self, obj):
        if self.fdel is None:
            raise AttributeError("can't delete attribute")
        self.fdel(obj)

    def getter(self, fget):
        return type(self)(fget, self.fset, self.fdel, self.__doc__)

    def setter(self, fset):
        return type(self)(self.fget, fset, self.fdel, self.__doc__)

    def deleter(self, fdel):
        return type(self)(self.fget, self.fset, fdel, self.__doc__)