我需要在一张图表中绘制显示计数的条形图和显示利率的折线图,我可以分别完成这两个操作,但是当我将它们放在一起时,第一层的比例(即geom_bar)与第二层(即geom_line)。

我可以将geom_line的轴向右移动吗?

评论

您能在这里使用如rpubs.com/kohske/dual_axis_in_ggplot2所示的方法吗?

相关

向下滚动以查看scale_y_ *中的本机ggplot2实现,当前称为sec.axis。

#1 楼

有时客户想要两个y标度。给他们“有缺陷的”言论通常是毫无意义的。但是我确实喜欢ggplot2坚持以正确的方式做事。我确信ggplot实际上是在向普通用户教育正确的可视化技术。

您可以使用构面和自由缩放比较这两个数据系列吗? -例如看这里:https://github.com/hadley/ggplot2/wiki/Align-two-plots-on-a-page

评论


我同意安德烈亚斯(Andreas)的观点-有时(例如现在,对我而言),客户希望在同一图上获得两组数据,并且不想听我谈论图论。我要么说服他们不再想要(我并不总是想打一场仗),要么告诉他们“我使用的绘图程序不支持这一点。”因此,今天我将不再为此特定项目使用ggplot。 =(

–肯·威廉姆斯
2012年5月31日在22:14

为什么一个绘图程序包需要在其操作中插入自己的个人见解?不,谢谢。

–科林
2014年11月19日在18:15

您的链接已消失。您能否编辑您的答案并发布其过去所说的摘要?

–扎克
15年2月12日在17:48

无法同意此评论(请求)。尽可能多地压缩信息是很常见的(!)考虑到科学期刊等施加的严格限制,以便快速传达信息。因此,无论如何都要添加第二个y轴,我认为ggplot应该可以帮助实现这一点。

–舞台
16年2月11日在15:33

令人惊讶的是,像“有瑕疵的”和“正确的方式”这样的词语毫无疑问地被扔掉了,好​​像它们并不是基于一种理论,该理论本身实际上是固执己见的,教条主义的,但却被太多的人毫无疑问地接受了,正如在撰写本文时,这个完全无用的答案(抛出链接)的事实有72个投票。例如,比较时间序列时,将两个时间序列放在同一张图表上可能是无价的,因为差异的相关性更容易发现。只需询问成千上万每天都做这件事的受过高等教育的金融专业人士。

–托马斯·布朗(Thomas Browne)
17年8月25日在10:24

#2 楼

在ggplot2中是不可能的,因为我认为具有单独的y比例(而不是彼此转换的y比例)的图从根本上是有缺陷的。一些问题:


它们是不可逆的:给定绘图空间上的一个点,您无法将其唯一地映射回数据空间中的一个点。
它们相对与其他选项相比,很难正确阅读。有关详细信息,请参见Petra Isenberg,Anastasia Bezerianos,Pierre Dragicevic和Jean-Daniel Fekete的“双尺度数据图表研究”。
它们很容易被误导:没有独特的方法来指定相对尺度。轴,使其易于操作。垃圾图表博客中的两个示例:一个,两个
它们是任意的:为什么只有2个标度,而不是3、4或10个?

您可能还想阅读Stephen Few冗长的讨论图中的双刻度轴主题是否是最好的解决方案?。

评论


您介意阐述您的意见吗?没有启发,我认为这是绘制两个自变量的相当紧凑的方法。这也是一个似乎需要的功能,它已被广泛使用。

– KarlP
10年8月12日在20:37

@hadley:我大都同意,但确实有多个y刻度的用途-对同一数据使用2个不同的单位,例如温度时间序列上的摄氏和华氏刻度。

– Richie Cotton
2010年8月25日在13:08



@Hadley在您看来。不是我的,也不是其他许多科学家。当然,可以通过将第二个图(具有完全透明的背景)直接放在第一个图上来实现,因此它们看起来像一个图。我只是不知道如何确保边界boxex的角相互对齐/对齐。

–尼古拉斯·汉密尔顿
13年2月13日在21:37



@hadley例如,在Walther-Lieth气候图中,通常使用两个y轴。由于有固定的处方,该怎么办才能将可能的混乱降到最低...

–sebschub
2014年3月25日在7:51

@hadley对不起,我看不到给定气候图有什么问题。将温度和降水量放在一张图表中(使用固定的处方),您可以快速猜测是潮湿还是干旱的气候。还是周围的方式:可视化温度,降水量及其“关系”的更好方法是什么?无论如何,非常感谢您在ggplot2中所做的工作!

–sebschub
2014年3月25日14:11

#3 楼

从ggplot2 2.2.0开始,您可以添加这样的辅助轴(取自ggplot2 2.2.0公告):

ggplot(mpg, aes(displ, hwy)) + 
  geom_point() + 
  scale_y_continuous(
    "mpg (US)", 
    sec.axis = sec_axis(~ . * 1.20, name = "mpg (UK)")
  )




评论


缺点是,它只能使用当前轴的某些公式转换,例如不能使用新变量。

–纪律
16-10-27在5:41

#4 楼

采取上述答案并进行一些微调(无论其价值如何),这是一种通过sec_axis实现两个量表的方法:假设一个简单(且完全是虚构的)数据集dt:持续5天,它跟踪中断次数与生产率的关系:

        when numinter prod
1 2018-03-20        1 0.95
2 2018-03-21        5 0.50
3 2018-03-23        4 0.70
4 2018-03-24        3 0.75
5 2018-03-25        4 0.60


(两列的范围相差约5倍)。

以下代码将绘制两个序列,它们用完整个y轴:

ggplot() + 
  geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = dt$when, y = dt$numinter), stat = "identity", fill = "grey") +
  geom_line(mapping = aes(x = dt$when, y = dt$prod*5), size = 2, color = "blue") + 
  scale_x_date(name = "Day", labels = NULL) +
  scale_y_continuous(name = "Interruptions/day", 
    sec.axis = sec_axis(~./5, name = "Productivity % of best", 
      labels = function(b) { paste0(round(b * 100, 0), "%")})) + 
  theme(
      axis.title.y = element_text(color = "grey"),
      axis.title.y.right = element_text(color = "blue"))


结果是(上面的代码+一些颜色)调整):



要点(除了在指定y_scale时使用sec_axis外,还要在将第二个数据序列的每个值乘以5时指定序列)。在sec_axis定义中得到正确的标签,然后需要除以5(并格式化),因此上述代码中的关键部分实际上是geom_line中的*5和sec_axis中的~./5(将当前值.除以5的公式)。 br />
相比之下(我不想在这里判断方法),这就是两个图表彼此重叠的样子:



您可以自己判断哪种信息可以更好地传达信息(“不要打扰工作中的人!”)。猜测这是一种公平的决定方式。

两张图片的完整代码(其实不算什么ve,刚刚完成并准备运行)在这里:https://gist.github.com/sebastianrothbucher/de847063f32fdff02c83b75f59c36a7d在这里有更详细的解释:https://sebastianrothbucher.github.io/datascience/r/visualization/ggplot/2018 /03/24/two-scales-ggplot-r.html

#5 楼

有常见的双Y轴用例,例如显示每月温度和降水量的气候图。这是一个简单的解决方案,从威震天的解决方案中推广而来,它允许您将变量的下限设置为零以外的值:
示例数据:
climate <- tibble(
  Month = 1:12,
  Temp = c(-4,-4,0,5,11,15,16,15,11,6,1,-3),
  Precip = c(49,36,47,41,53,65,81,89,90,84,73,55)
  )

将以下两个值设置为值接近数据的限制(您可以使用它们来调整图形的位置;轴仍然是正确的):
ylim.prim <- c(0, 180)   # in this example, precipitation
ylim.sec <- c(-4, 18)    # in this example, temperature

以下基于这些限制进行必要的计算,并制作图本身:
b <- diff(ylim.prim)/diff(ylim.sec)
a <- b*(ylim.prim[1] - ylim.sec[1])

ggplot(climate, aes(Month, Precip)) +
  geom_col() +
  geom_line(aes(y = a + Temp*b), color = "red") +
  scale_y_continuous("Precipitation", sec.axis = sec_axis(~ (. - a)/b, name = "Temperature")) +
  scale_x_continuous("Month", breaks = 1:12) +
  ggtitle("Climatogram for Oslo (1961-1990)")  


如果要确保红线与右y轴相对应,可以在代码中添加theme语句:
ggplot(climate, aes(Month, Precip)) +
  geom_col() +
  geom_line(aes(y = a + Temp*b), color = "red") +
  scale_y_continuous("Precipitation", sec.axis = sec_axis(~ (. - a)/b, name = "Temperature")) +
  scale_x_continuous("Month", breaks = 1:12) +
  theme(axis.line.y.right = element_line(color = "red"), 
        axis.ticks.y.right = element_line(color = "red"),
        axis.text.y.right = element_text(color = "red"), 
        axis.title.y.right = element_text(color = "red")
        ) +
  ggtitle("Climatogram for Oslo (1961-1990)")

为右轴着色:


评论


这在ylim.prim和ylim.sec的某些值处中断。

–埃里克·克兰兹(Eric Krantz)
19年4月4日在18:39

这很棒。两轴图表没有“瑕疵”的好例子。认为他们比您了解更多关于您的工作的总体整理思路的一部分。

– Leo Barlach
19年9月6日在14:49

当我选择特定的轴限制时(在我的情况下为ylim.prim <-c(90,130)和ylim.sec <-c(15,30)),它并不适用,而是选择任意限制,将所有比例尺弄乱了。我不确定在复制上面的代码并更改变量名称和轴限制时缺少的内容

– Anke
19年11月8日在21:06

@anke:当引用ylim.prim和ylim.sec时,文本有些草率。它们不是指轴的限制,而是指数据的限制。如前所述,当您设置ylim.prim <-c(90,130)和ylim.sec <-c(15,30)时,温度图最终在条形图上方结束(因为温度轴从-75开始) ,但每个图形的轴仍然正确。

–达格·赫尔曼(Dag Hjermann)
19年11月19日在7:41

#6 楼

您可以创建一个缩放系数,该缩放系数将应用于第二个几何图形和右y轴。这是从塞巴斯蒂安的解决方案派生的。

library(ggplot2)

scaleFactor <- max(mtcars$cyl) / max(mtcars$hp)

ggplot(mtcars, aes(x=disp)) +
  geom_smooth(aes(y=cyl), method="loess", col="blue") +
  geom_smooth(aes(y=hp * scaleFactor), method="loess", col="red") +
  scale_y_continuous(name="cyl", sec.axis=sec_axis(~./scaleFactor, name="hp")) +
  theme(
    axis.title.y.left=element_text(color="blue"),
    axis.text.y.left=element_text(color="blue"),
    axis.title.y.right=element_text(color="red"),
    axis.text.y.right=element_text(color="red")
  )




注意:使用ggplot2 v3.0.0

评论


这是一个干净的解决方案。

–landroni
11月25日2:12

#7 楼

大约3年前,Koske [KOHSKE]提供了解决此难题的技术骨干。在Stackoverflow上的多个实例中已讨论了该主题及其解决方案的技术问题[ID:18989001、29235405、21026598]。因此,我将使用上述解决方案仅提供特定的变体和一些解释性的演练。

让我们假设我们在G1组中确实有一些数据y1与G2组中的某些数据y2以某种方式相关,例如范围/比例变换或添加了一些噪声。因此,人们希望将数据一起绘制在一个图上,其标度的左侧为y1,右侧为y2。

  df <- data.frame(item=LETTERS[1:n],  y1=c(-0.8684, 4.2242, -0.3181, 0.5797, -0.4875), y2=c(-5.719, 205.184, 4.781, 41.952, 9.911 )) # made up!

> df
  item      y1         y2
1    A -0.8684 -19.154567
2    B  4.2242 219.092499
3    C -0.3181  18.849686
4    D  0.5797  46.945161
5    E -0.4875  -4.721973


如果现在将数据与诸如

ggplot(data=df, aes(label=item)) +
  theme_bw() + 
  geom_segment(aes(x='G1', xend='G2', y=y1, yend=y2), color='grey')+
  geom_text(aes(x='G1', y=y1), color='blue') +
  geom_text(aes(x='G2', y=y2), color='red') +
  theme(legend.position='none', panel.grid=element_blank())


一起绘制在一起,则它与较小的y1会明显地被较大的y2破坏。

应对挑战的技巧是在技术上将两个数据集与第一个比例尺y1作图,但在第二个轴上报告第二个数据集,并用标签显示原始比例尺y2。

因此,我们构建了第一个辅助函数CalcFudgeAxis,该函数计算并收集要显示的新轴的特征。可以将该函数修改为超喜欢的(此函数仅将y2映射到y1的范围内)。

CalcFudgeAxis = function( y1, y2=y1) {
  Cast2To1 = function(x) ((ylim1[2]-ylim1[1])/(ylim2[2]-ylim2[1])*x) # x gets mapped to range of ylim2
  ylim1 <- c(min(y1),max(y1))
  ylim2 <- c(min(y2),max(y2))    
  yf <- Cast2To1(y2)
  labelsyf <- pretty(y2)  
  return(list(
    yf=yf,
    labels=labelsyf,
    breaks=Cast2To1(labelsyf)
  ))
}


产生了一些东西:
> FudgeAxis <- CalcFudgeAxis( df$y1, df$y2 )

> FudgeAxis
$yf
[1] -0.4094344  4.6831656  0.4029175  1.0034664 -0.1009335

$labels
[1] -50   0  50 100 150 200 250

$breaks
[1] -1.068764  0.000000  1.068764  2.137529  3.206293  4.275058  5.343822


> cbind(df, FudgeAxis$yf)
  item      y1         y2 FudgeAxis$yf
1    A -0.8684 -19.154567   -0.4094344
2    B  4.2242 219.092499    4.6831656
3    C -0.3181  18.849686    0.4029175
4    D  0.5797  46.945161    1.0034664
5    E -0.4875  -4.721973   -0.1009335


现在,我将Kohske的解决方案包装在第二个辅助函数PlotWithFudgeAxis中(将新轴的ggplot对象和辅助对象放入该函数):

library(gtable)
library(grid)

PlotWithFudgeAxis = function( plot1, FudgeAxis) {
  # based on: https://rpubs.com/kohske/dual_axis_in_ggplot2
  plot2 <- plot1 + with(FudgeAxis, scale_y_continuous( breaks=breaks, labels=labels))

  #extract gtable
  g1<-ggplot_gtable(ggplot_build(plot1))
  g2<-ggplot_gtable(ggplot_build(plot2))

  #overlap the panel of the 2nd plot on that of the 1st plot
  pp<-c(subset(g1$layout, name=="panel", se=t:r))
  g<-gtable_add_grob(g1, g2$grobs[[which(g2$layout$name=="panel")]], pp$t, pp$l, pp$b,pp$l)

  ia <- which(g2$layout$name == "axis-l")
  ga <- g2$grobs[[ia]]
  ax <- ga$children[[2]]
  ax$widths <- rev(ax$widths)
  ax$grobs <- rev(ax$grobs)
  ax$grobs[[1]]$x <- ax$grobs[[1]]$x - unit(1, "npc") + unit(0.15, "cm")
  g <- gtable_add_cols(g, g2$widths[g2$layout[ia, ]$l], length(g$widths) - 1)
  g <- gtable_add_grob(g, ax, pp$t, length(g$widths) - 1, pp$b)

  grid.draw(g)
}


现在可以将所有内容放在一起:下面的代码显示了如何在日常环境中使用建议的解决方案。现在,plot调用不再绘制原始数据y2,而是绘制一个克隆版本yf(保存在预先计算的帮助对象FudgeAxis中),该版本的缩放比例为y1。然后用Kohske的辅助函数PlotWithFudgeAxis处理原始的ggplot对象,以添加第二个轴来保留y2的比例。

FudgeAxis <- CalcFudgeAxis( df$y1, df$y2 )

tmpPlot <- ggplot(data=df, aes(label=item)) +
      theme_bw() + 
      geom_segment(aes(x='G1', xend='G2', y=y1, yend=FudgeAxis$yf), color='grey')+
      geom_text(aes(x='G1', y=y1), color='blue') +
      geom_text(aes(x='G2', y=FudgeAxis$yf), color='red') +
      theme(legend.position='none', panel.grid=element_blank())

PlotWithFudgeAxis(tmpPlot, FudgeAxis)


现在可以根据需要绘制两个轴,y1在左侧,y2在右侧



直截了当的解决方案是有限的摇摇欲坠。当它与ggplot内核一起使用时,将发出一些警告,通知我们交换事后的标度等。必须谨慎处理它,并且在其他情况下可能会产生某些不良行为。同样,可能需要四处寻找帮助功能以获取所需的布局。图例的位置就是一个问题(它将放置在面板和新轴之间;这就是我删除它的原因)。 2轴的缩放/对齐也有些挑战:当两个比例都包含“ 0”时,上面的代码可以很好地工作,否则一个轴会移动。因此,肯定会有一些改进的机会...

如果要保存图片,则必须将呼叫包装到设备打开/关闭中:

png(...)
PlotWithFudgeAxis(tmpPlot, FudgeAxis)
dev.off()


#8 楼

以下文章帮助我将ggplot2生成的两个图合并到单行上:

Cookbook for R在一页上的多个图(ggplot2)

这种情况下的代码可能如下所示:

p1 <- 
  ggplot() + aes(mns)+ geom_histogram(aes(y=..density..), binwidth=0.01, colour="black", fill="white") + geom_vline(aes(xintercept=mean(mns, na.rm=T)), color="red", linetype="dashed", size=1) +  geom_density(alpha=.2)

p2 <- 
  ggplot() + aes(mns)+ geom_histogram( binwidth=0.01, colour="black", fill="white") + geom_vline(aes(xintercept=mean(mns, na.rm=T)), color="red", linetype="dashed", size=1)  

multiplot(p1,p2,cols=2)


评论


多图功能发生了什么?尽管我已经安装并加载了ggplot2库,但我收到一个找不到该函数的错误。

– Nneka
17年7月4日在9:00

@Danka多图功能是一个自定义功能(在链接页面的底部)。

– Dribbel
17年7月21日在8:01



您可以添加地块吗?

–姜思博
18年3月18日在21:20

最近,有许多软件包具有比多重绘图更多的选项/功能/ stackoverflow.com/a/51220506

–董
18年7月21日在16:32

#9 楼

对我来说,棘手的部分是弄清楚两个轴之间的转换函数。我为此使用了myCurveFit。

> dput(combined_80_8192 %>% filter (time > 270, time < 280))
structure(list(run = c(268L, 268L, 268L, 268L, 268L, 268L, 268L, 
268L, 268L, 268L, 263L, 263L, 263L, 263L, 263L, 263L, 263L, 263L, 
263L, 263L, 269L, 269L, 269L, 269L, 269L, 269L, 269L, 269L, 269L, 
269L, 261L, 261L, 261L, 261L, 261L, 261L, 261L, 261L, 261L, 261L, 
267L, 267L, 267L, 267L, 267L, 267L, 267L, 267L, 267L, 267L, 265L, 
265L, 265L, 265L, 265L, 265L, 265L, 265L, 265L, 265L, 266L, 266L, 
266L, 266L, 266L, 266L, 266L, 266L, 266L, 266L, 262L, 262L, 262L, 
262L, 262L, 262L, 262L, 262L, 262L, 262L, 264L, 264L, 264L, 264L, 
264L, 264L, 264L, 264L, 264L, 264L, 260L, 260L, 260L, 260L, 260L, 
260L, 260L, 260L, 260L, 260L), repetition = c(8L, 8L, 8L, 8L, 
8L, 8L, 8L, 8L, 8L, 8L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 
9L, 9L, 9L, 9L, 9L, 9L, 9L, 9L, 9L, 9L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 5L, 5L, 
5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 
6L, 6L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 
4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L, 0L
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    10.679016976694, 49.856439162736, 57.49079026127, 60.196678846453, 
    41.55465351989, 31.509340361646, 6.2867464196657, 13.941251828322, 
    24.140336174865, 4.7666691818074, 10.679016976694, 49.867624820879, 
    57.412299088098, 60.224172277442, 41.630930975211, 24.074540962859, 
    6.279972363168, 10.644529778044, 24.19227425387, 10.546845071479, 
    10.699414795917, 49.862851240855, 57.397787176282, 60.212457625018, 
    41.61637603957, 31.529239767749, 6.2952688513108, 10.640565481982, 
    24.178672145334, 8.0771089950663, 10.694731030907, 53.262541905639, 
    57.43627424514, 61.382796189332, 31.747253311549, 24.093100244121, 
    6.2658701281075, 10.661949889074, 18.495227442305, 18.417839037171, 
    8.1845086722809), ookSnirBer = c(8.8808636558081e-24, 3.2219795637026e-27, 
    2.6468895519653e-28, 3.9807779074715e-20, 1.0849324265615e-15, 
    2.5705217057696e-05, 4.7313805615763e-08, 1.8800438086075e-12, 
    0.00021005320203921, 1.9147343768384e-06, 8.8808636558081e-24, 
    3.0694773489537e-27, 2.6468895519653e-28, 3.9807779074715e-20, 
    1.0849324265615e-15, 2.5705217057696e-05, 4.7223753038869e-08, 
    1.8800438086075e-12, 0.00021005320203921, 1.9171738578051e-06, 
    8.8229427230445e-24, 3.9715925056443e-27, 2.6045198111088e-28, 
    3.9014083702734e-20, 1.0342658440386e-15, 0.00019591630514278, 
    6.4692014108683e-08, 1.8600094209271e-12, 0.0002140067535655, 
    1.9074922485477e-06, 8.7096574467175e-24, 4.2779443633862e-27, 
    2.5231916788231e-28, 3.5761615214425e-20, 1.9750692814982e-12, 
    0.0001960392878411, 1.9748966344895e-06, 1.7515881895994e-12, 
    2.2078334799411e-06, 1.8649940680806e-06, 8.954486301678e-24, 
    3.2021085732779e-25, 2.690441113724e-28, 4.0627628846548e-20, 
    1.1134484878561e-15, 2.6061691733331e-05, 4.777159157954e-08, 
    9.4891388749738e-16, 0.00020359398491544, 1.9542110660398e-06, 
    8.8229427230445e-24, 3.9715925056443e-27, 2.6045198111088e-28, 
    3.8819641115984e-20, 1.0237769828158e-15, 0.00019562832342849, 
    6.4455095380046e-08, 1.8468752030971e-12, 0.0010099091367628, 
    1.9051035165106e-06, 8.8085966897635e-24, 3.9715925056443e-27, 
    2.594108048185e-28, 3.8819641115984e-20, 1.0237769828158e-15, 
    0.00019562832342849, 6.4455095380046e-08, 1.8468752030971e-12, 
    0.0010088638355194, 1.9051035165106e-06, 8.7096574467175e-24, 
    4.2987746909572e-27, 2.5231916788231e-28, 3.593647329558e-20, 
    1.9750692814982e-12, 0.00019705170257492, 1.9748966344895e-06, 
    1.7515881895994e-12, 2.1868296425817e-06, 1.8649940680806e-06, 
    8.7517439682173e-24, 4.3621551072316e-27, 2.553168170837e-28, 
    3.6469582463164e-20, 1.0032983660212e-15, 0.00019385229409318, 
    1.9830820164805e-06, 1.7760568361323e-12, 2.919419915209e-05, 
    1.8741284335866e-06, 2.8285944348148e-25, 4.1960751547207e-27, 
    7.8468215407139e-29, 8.0407329049747e-16, 1.9380328071065e-12, 
    0.00020004849911333, 1.9393279417733e-06, 5.9354475879597e-10, 
    6.4258355913627e-10, 2.6065221215415e-05), ookSnrBer = c(8.8808636558081e-24, 
    3.2219795637026e-27, 2.6468895519653e-28, 3.9807779074715e-20, 
    1.0849324265615e-15, 2.5705217057696e-05, 4.7313805615763e-08, 
    1.8800438086075e-12, 0.00021005320203921, 1.9147343768384e-06, 
    8.8808636558081e-24, 3.0694773489537e-27, 2.6468895519653e-28, 
    3.9807779074715e-20, 1.0849324265615e-15, 2.5705217057696e-05, 
    4.7223753038869e-08, 1.8800438086075e-12, 0.00021005320203921, 
    1.9171738578051e-06, 8.8229427230445e-24, 3.9715925056443e-27, 
    2.6045198111088e-28, 3.9014083702734e-20, 1.0342658440386e-15, 
    0.00019591630514278, 6.4692014108683e-08, 1.8600094209271e-12, 
    0.0002140067535655, 1.9074922485477e-06, 8.7096574467175e-24, 
    4.2779443633862e-27, 2.5231916788231e-28, 3.5761615214425e-20, 
    1.9750692814982e-12, 0.0001960392878411, 1.9748966344895e-06, 
    1.7515881895994e-12, 2.2078334799411e-06, 1.8649940680806e-06, 
    8.954486301678e-24, 3.2021085732779e-25, 2.690441113724e-28, 
    4.0627628846548e-20, 1.1134484878561e-15, 2.6061691733331e-05, 
    4.777159157954e-08, 9.4891388749738e-16, 0.00020359398491544, 
    1.9542110660398e-06, 8.8229427230445e-24, 3.9715925056443e-27, 
    2.6045198111088e-28, 3.8819641115984e-20, 1.0237769828158e-15, 
    0.00019562832342849, 6.4455095380046e-08, 1.8468752030971e-12, 
    0.0010099091367628, 1.9051035165106e-06, 8.8085966897635e-24, 
    3.9715925056443e-27, 2.594108048185e-28, 3.8819641115984e-20, 
    1.0237769828158e-15, 0.00019562832342849, 6.4455095380046e-08, 
    1.8468752030971e-12, 0.0010088638355194, 1.9051035165106e-06, 
    8.7096574467175e-24, 4.2987746909572e-27, 2.5231916788231e-28, 
    3.593647329558e-20, 1.9750692814982e-12, 0.00019705170257492, 
    1.9748966344895e-06, 1.7515881895994e-12, 2.1868296425817e-06, 
    1.8649940680806e-06, 8.7517439682173e-24, 4.3621551072316e-27, 
    2.553168170837e-28, 3.6469582463164e-20, 1.0032983660212e-15, 
    0.00019385229409318, 1.9830820164805e-06, 1.7760568361323e-12, 
    2.919419915209e-05, 1.8741284335866e-06, 2.8285944348148e-25, 
    4.1960751547207e-27, 7.8468215407139e-29, 8.0407329049747e-16, 
    1.9380328071065e-12, 0.00020004849911333, 1.9393279417733e-06, 
    5.9354475879597e-10, 6.4258355913627e-10, 2.6065221215415e-05
    )), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA, -100L), .Names = c("run", 
"repetition", "module", "configname", "packetByteLength", "numVehicles", 
"dDistance", "time", "distanceToTx", "headerNoError", "receivedPower_dbm", 
"snr", "frameId", "packetOkSinr", "snir", "ookSnirBer", "ookSnrBer"
))



查找变换函数



y1- > y2
此函数用于根据第一个y轴转换要“归一化”的辅助y轴的数据。



转换函数: f(y1) = 0.025*x + 2.75




y2-> y1
此函数用于将第一个y轴的断点转换为第二个y轴的断点y轴。请注意,现在已交换轴。



f(y1) = 40*x - 110


绘图

请注意,如何在ggplot调用中使用转换函数来“即时”转换数据

ggplot(data=combined_80_8192 %>% filter (time > 270, time < 280), aes(x=time) ) +
  stat_summary(aes(y=receivedPower_dbm ), fun.y=mean, geom="line", colour="black") +
  stat_summary(aes(y=packetOkSinr*40 - 110 ), fun.y=mean, geom="line", colour="black", position = position_dodge(width=10)) +
  scale_x_continuous() +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-0,-110,-10), "y_first", sec.axis=sec_axis(~.*0.025+2.75, name="y_second") ) 


第一个stat_summary调用是设置基础的调用对于第一个y轴。
第二个stat_summary调用被调用以转换数据。请记住,所有数据都将第一个y轴作为基础。因此,需要针对第一个y轴对数据进行标准化。为此,我对数据使用了转换函数:y=packetOkSinr*40 - 110

现在要转换第二个轴,我在scale_y_continuous调用中使用相反的函数:sec.axis=sec_axis(~.*0.025+2.75, name="y_second")



评论


R可以做这样的事情coef(lm(c(-70,-110)〜c(1,0)))和coef(lm(c(1,0(7)-c(-70,-110))) )。您可以定义一个辅助函数,例如方程式<-function(range = c(-70,-110),target = c(1,0)){c = coef(lm(target〜range))as.formula(substitute (〜a *。+ b,list(a = c [[2]],b = c [[1]])))}

–浸信会
17年4月1日在21:36

是的,我知道...只是以为网站会更直观

–user4786271
17年4月2日在15:25

#10 楼

我们绝对可以使用基本R函数plot构建具有双Y轴的图。

# pseudo dataset
df <- data.frame(x = seq(1, 1000, 1), y1 = sample.int(100, 1000, replace=T), y2 = sample(50, 1000, replace = T))

# plot first plot 
with(df, plot(y1 ~ x, col = "red"))

# set new plot
par(new = T) 

# plot second plot, but without axis
with(df, plot(y2 ~ x, type = "l", xaxt = "n", yaxt = "n", xlab = "", ylab = ""))

# define y-axis and put y-labs
axis(4)
with(df, mtext("y2", side = 4))


#11 楼

您可以在变量上使用facet_wrap(~ variable, ncol= )来创建新的比较。它不在同一根轴上,但是相似。

#12 楼

我承认并同意hadley(和其他公司)的观点,即单独的y尺度存在“根本缺陷”。话虽这么说–我经常希望ggplot2具有此功能–特别是当数据为宽格式时,我很快想可视化或检查数据(即仅供个人使用)。

tidyverse库使将数据转换为长格式变得相当容易(这样facet_grid()就可以使用),该过程仍然不容易,如下所示:

library(tidyverse)
df.wide %>%
    # Select only the columns you need for the plot.
    select(date, column1, column2, column3) %>%
    # Create an id column – needed in the `gather()` function.
    mutate(id = n()) %>%
    # The `gather()` function converts to long-format. 
    # In which the `type` column will contain three factors (column1, column2, column3),
    # and the `value` column will contain the respective values.
    # All the while we retain the `id` and `date` columns.
    gather(type, value, -id, -date) %>%
    # Create the plot according to your specifications
    ggplot(aes(x = date, y = value)) +
        geom_line() +
        # Create a panel for each `type` (ie. column1, column2, column3).
        # If the types have different scales, you can use the `scales="free"` option.
        facet_grid(type~., scales = "free")


评论


在撰写本文时,ggplot2已通过sec_axis支持此功能。

–康拉德·鲁道夫(Konrad Rudolph)
19 Mar 7 '19 at 15:36

#13 楼

看来这似乎是一个简单的问题,但它围绕两个基本问题感到困惑。 A)如何在比较图中显示时如何处理多标量数据,其次,B)是否可以在不使用R编程的一些经验法则的情况下完成此操作,例如i)合并数据,ii)分面,iii)添加
下面给出的解决方案满足上述条件,因为它无需重新缩放即可处理数据,其次,不使用提到的技术。

这里是结果,


对于那些想了解更多有关此方法的人,请点击下面的链接。缩放数据

#14 楼

Hadley的答案对Stephen Few的报告“图形中的双刻度轴是否是最好的解决方案?”提供了有趣的参考。

我不知道OP对“计数”和“费率”的含义是什么。但是通过快速搜索可以得到计数和费率,因此我得到了一些有关北美登山运动中的事故的数据:在上述报告的第7页上(并按照OP的要求以条形图和线形图的形式显示计数):


另一个不太明显的解决方案是仅适用于时间序列,通过
显示每个值与参考值(或索引)值之间的百分比差异,从而将所有值集转换为通用的定量标度。例如,选择一个特定的时间点
(例如出现在图表中的第一个间隔),然后将每个后续值表示为它与
初始值之间的百分比差。这是通过将
时间的每个点的值除以初始时间点的值,然后将其乘以
100以将比率转换为百分比来完成的,如下所示。 >

Years<-c("1998","1999","2000","2001","2002","2003","2004")
Persons.Involved<-c(281,248,301,276,295,231,311)
Fatalities<-c(20,17,24,16,34,18,35)
rate=100*Fatalities/Persons.Involved
df<-data.frame(Years=Years,Persons.Involved=Persons.Involved,Fatalities=Fatalities,rate=rate)
print(df,row.names = FALSE)

 Years Persons.Involved Fatalities      rate
  1998              281         20  7.117438
  1999              248         17  6.854839
  2000              301         24  7.973422
  2001              276         16  5.797101
  2002              295         34 11.525424
  2003              231         18  7.792208
  2004              311         35 11.254019


结果是这样的:


但是我不太喜欢它,我不能轻松在上面放上图例...

1

WILLIAMSON,Jed等人。 2005年北美登山活动中的事故。2005年登山者图书。


#15 楼

我发现这个答案对我的帮助最大,但是发现有些边缘情况似乎无法正确处理,特别是否定情况,还有我的极限距离为0的情况(如果我们抢劫的话可能会发生)我们根据数据的最大/最小限制)。测试似乎表明此方法始终有效。

我使用以下代码。在这里,我假设我们想将[x1,x2]转换为[y1,y2]。我处理此问题的方法是将[x1,x2]转换为[0,1](足够简单的转换),然后将[0,1]转换为[y1,y2]。

climate <- tibble(
  Month = 1:12,
  Temp = c(-4,-4,0,5,11,15,16,15,11,6,1,-3),
  Precip = c(49,36,47,41,53,65,81,89,90,84,73,55)
)
#Set the limits of each axis manually:

  ylim.prim <- c(0, 180)   # in this example, precipitation
ylim.sec <- c(-4, 18)    # in this example, temperature



  b <- diff(ylim.sec)/diff(ylim.prim)

#If all values are the same this messes up the transformation, so we need to modify it here
if(b==0){
  ylim.sec <- c(ylim.sec[1]-1, ylim.sec[2]+1)
  b <- diff(ylim.sec)/diff(ylim.prim)
}
if (is.na(b)){
  ylim.prim <- c(ylim.prim[1]-1, ylim.prim[2]+1)
  b <- diff(ylim.sec)/diff(ylim.prim)
}


ggplot(climate, aes(Month, Precip)) +
  geom_col() +
  geom_line(aes(y = ylim.prim[1]+(Temp-ylim.sec[1])/b), color = "red") +
  scale_y_continuous("Precipitation", sec.axis = sec_axis(~((.-ylim.prim[1]) *b  + ylim.sec[1]), name = "Temperature"), limits = ylim.prim) +
  scale_x_continuous("Month", breaks = 1:12) +
  ggtitle("Climatogram for Oslo (1961-1990)")  


这里的关键部分是我们用~((.-ylim.prim[1]) *b + ylim.sec[1])变换辅助y轴,然后将反值应用于实际值y = ylim.prim[1]+(Temp-ylim.sec[1])/b)。我们还应该确保limits = ylim.prim