Python中的“ @”（@）符号有什么作用？

#1 楼

#2 楼

class Pizza(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.toppings = []

    def __call__(self, topping):
        # When using '@instance_of_pizza' before a function definition
        # the function gets passed onto 'topping'.
        self.toppings.append(topping())

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self.toppings)

pizza = Pizza()

@pizza
def cheese():
    return 'cheese'
@pizza
def sauce():
    return 'sauce'

print pizza
# ['cheese', 'sauce']

from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route("/")
def hello():
    return "Hello World!"

rule      = "/"
view_func = hello
# They go as arguments here in 'flask/app.py'
def add_url_rule(self, rule, endpoint=None, view_func=None, **options):
    pass

#3 楼

def decorator(func):
   return func

@decorator
def some_func():
    pass

def decorator(func):
    return func

def some_func():
    pass

some_func = decorator(some_func)

#4 楼

class Mat(list):
    def __matmul__(self, B):
        A = self
        return Mat([[sum(A[i][k]*B[k][j] for k in range(len(B)))
                    for j in range(len(B[0])) ] for i in range(len(A))])

A = Mat([[1,3],[7,5]])
B = Mat([[6,8],[4,2]])

print(A @ B)

[[18, 14], [62, 66]]

#5 楼

@decorator
def decorated_function():
    """this function is decorated"""

def decorated_function():
    """this function is decorated"""

decorated_function = decorator(decorated_function)

a @ b

dot(a, b)

a @= b

a = dot(a, b)

~$ grep -C 1 "@" cpython/Grammar/Grammar 

decorator: '@' dotted_name [ '(' [arglist] ')' ] NEWLINE
decorators: decorator+
--
testlist_star_expr: (test|star_expr) (',' (test|star_expr))* [',']
augassign: ('+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '@=' | '/=' | '%=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' |
            '<<=' | '>>=' | '**=' | '//=')
--
arith_expr: term (('+'|'-') term)*
term: factor (('*'|'@'|'/'|'%'|'//') factor)*
factor: ('+'|'-'|'~') factor | power

def f(...):
    ...
f = staticmethod(f)

@staticmethod
def f(...):
    ...

@foo
def bar():
    pass

def bar():
    pass

bar = foo(bar)

@f1(arg)
@f2
def func(): pass

def func(): pass
func = f1(arg)(f2(func))

+       -       *       **      /       //      %      @
<<      >>      &       |       ^       ~
<       >       <=      >=      ==      !=

object.__add__(self, other)
object.__sub__(self, other) 
object.__mul__(self, other) 
object.__matmul__(self, other) 
object.__truediv__(self, other) 
object.__floordiv__(self, other)

S = (H @ beta - r).T @ inv(H @ V @ H.T) @ (H @ beta - r)

S = dot((dot(H, beta) - r).T,
        dot(inv(dot(dot(H, V), H.T)), dot(H, beta) - r))

>>> from numpy import array, matrix
>>> array([[1,2,3]]).T @ array([[1,2,3]])
array([[1, 2, 3],
       [2, 4, 6],
       [3, 6, 9]])
>>> array([[1,2,3]]) @ array([[1,2,3]]).T
array([[14]])
>>> matrix([1,2,3]).T @ matrix([1,2,3])
matrix([[1, 2, 3],
        [2, 4, 6],
        [3, 6, 9]])
>>> matrix([1,2,3]) @ matrix([1,2,3]).T
matrix([[14]])

>>> m = matrix([1,2,3])
>>> m @= m.T
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: In-place matrix multiplication is not (yet) supported. Use 'a = a @ b' instead of 'a @= b'.

>>> m = matrix([1,2,3])
>>> m @= m.T
>>> m
matrix([[14]])

#6 楼

In [9]: def read_a_book():
   ...:     return "I am reading the book: "
   ...: 
In [10]: read_a_book()
Out[10]: 'I am reading the book: '

def read_a_book():
    return "I am reading the book: 'Python Cookbook'"

def add_a_book(func):
    def wrapper():
        return func() + "Python Cookbook"
    return wrapper

In [14]: read_a_book = add_a_book(read_a_book)
In [15]: read_a_book()
Out[15]: 'I am reading the book: Python Cookbook'

@add_a_book
def read_a_book():
    return "I am reading the book: "
In [17]: read_a_book()
Out[17]: 'I am reading the book: Python Cookbook'

#7 楼

import numpy as np
def forward(xi, W1, b1, W2, b2):
    z1 = W1 @ xi + b1
    a1 = sigma(z1)
    z2 = W2 @ a1 + b2
    return z2, a1

#8 楼

class WithoutDecorators:
def some_static_method():
    print("this is static method")
some_static_method = staticmethod(some_static_method)

def some_class_method(cls):
    print("this is class method")
some_class_method = classmethod(some_class_method)

class WithDecorators:
    @staticmethod
    def some_static_method():
        print("this is static method")

    @classmethod
    def some_class_method(cls):
        print("this is class method")

@some_decorator
def decorated_function():
    pass

def decorated_function():
    pass
decorated_function = some_decorator(decorated_function)

def mydecorator(function):
    def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
        # do some stuff before the original
        # function gets called
        result = function(*args, **kwargs)
        # do some stuff after function call and
        # return the result
        return result
    # return wrapper as a decorated function
    return wrapped

class DecoratorAsClass:
    def __init__(self, function):
        self.function = function

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # do some stuff before the original
        # function gets called
        result = self.function(*args, **kwargs)
        # do some stuff after function call and
        # return the result
        return result

def repeat(number=3):
"""Cause decorated function to be repeated a number of times.

Last value of original function call is returned as a result
:param number: number of repetitions, 3 if not specified
"""
def actual_decorator(function):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        result = None
        for _ in range(number):
            result = function(*args, **kwargs)
        return result
    return wrapper
return actual_decorator

>>> @repeat(2)
... def foo():
...     print("foo")
...
>>> foo()
foo
foo

>>> @repeat()
... def bar():
...     print("bar")
...
>>> bar()
bar
bar
bar

class Rectangle:
    def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2):
        self.x1, self.y1 = x1, y1
        self.x2, self.y2 = x2, y2

    def _width_get(self):
        return self.x2 - self.x1

    def _width_set(self, value):
        self.x2 = self.x1 + value

    def _height_get(self):
        return self.y2 - self.y1

    def _height_set(self, value):
        self.y2 = self.y1 + value

    width = property(
        _width_get, _width_set,
        doc="rectangle width measured from left"
    )
    height = property(
        _height_get, _height_set,
        doc="rectangle height measured from top"
    )

    def __repr__(self):
        return "{}({}, {}, {}, {})".format(
            self.__class__.__name__,
            self.x1, self.y1, self.x2, self.y2
    )

class Rectangle:
    def __init__(self, x1, y1, x2, y2):
        self.x1, self.y1 = x1, y1
        self.x2, self.y2 = x2, y2

    @property
    def width(self):
        """rectangle height measured from top"""
        return self.x2 - self.x1

    @width.setter
    def width(self, value):
        self.x2 = self.x1 + value

    @property
    def height(self):
        """rectangle height measured from top"""
        return self.y2 - self.y1

    @height.setter
    def height(self, value):
        self.y2 = self.y1 + value

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#12 楼

df = pandas.DataFrame({'foo': [1,2,15,17]})
y = 10
df >> query('foo > @y') # plydata
df.query('foo > @y') # pandas